Tag Archives: fuel additives

Unleashing the Power of 2-EHN to Raise Cetane: Boosting Performance and Efficiency in Diesel Engines

October 11, 2024 FTE Leave a comment

In the world of diesel engines, performance and efficiency are key. And there’s an important ingredient that helps to unlock their true potential. Introducing 2-EHN (2-Ethylhexyl-Nitrate), the compound that has the power to raise cetane levels and supercharge diesel engine performance.

Cetane, a key component of diesel fuel, determines how quickly the fuel ignites and combusts in the engine. Higher cetane levels mean faster and more efficient combustion, resulting in improved power and fuel economy. And that’s exactly what 2-EHN delivers.

With its unique properties and powerful cetane-boosting capabilities, 2-EHN is transforming the way diesel engines operate. By enhancing combustion quality and reducing ignition delay, 2-EHN maximizes the energy released from each drop of fuel, leading to improved overall engine performance.

It has become the answer to sluggish acceleration and lackluster fuel efficiency. 2-EHN or 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate, is the recognised standard for raising the cetane number in diesel fuel, for increased power, improved fuel economy, and reduced emissions.

What is cetane in diesel fuel and what is cetane index?

Cetane is a measure of the ignition quality of diesel fuel, and it is a critical parameter for the performance and efficiency of diesel engines. The cetane number is a numerical value that represents the fuel’s ability to ignite and combust in the engine.

The cetane number is determined by comparing the ignition delay of the test fuel to the ignition delays of two reference fuels with known cetane numbers. The higher the cetane number, the shorter the ignition delay, and the better the fuel’s ignition quality.

In contrast, the cetane index is an approximation of the cetane number based on the fuel’s physical and chemical properties, such as its density and distillation characteristics. The cetane index is a calculated value that can be used as a substitute for the actual cetane number when the latter is not available or difficult to measure.

While the cetane number is the more accurate and reliable measure of a fuel’s ignition quality, the cetane index can provide a reasonable estimate in certain situations. However, for critical applications or when precise performance is required, the actual cetane number should be the preferred metric.

2-EHN cetane for diesel and cetane booster for diesel

2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) is a widely recognized and highly effective cetane booster for diesel fuel. It has become the industry standard for raising the cetane number of diesel, thanks to its unique properties and proven performance.

As a cetane improver, 2-EHN works by enhancing the ignition characteristics of diesel fuel. It does this by reducing the ignition delay, which is the time between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion. By shortening this delay, 2-EHN allows for a more efficient and complete combustion process.

The benefits of using 2-EHN as a cetane booster for diesel fuel are numerous:

Improved cold-start performance: The reduced ignition delay makes it easier for the engine to start, even in cold weather conditions.
Increased power and torque: The more efficient combustion results in more of the fuel’s energy being converted into useful work, leading to improved engine performance.
Better fuel economy: With the enhanced combustion efficiency, diesel engines can achieve higher fuel efficiency, resulting in cost savings for the user.
Reduced emissions: Cleaner and more complete combustion leads to lower levels of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and other harmful emissions, making diesel engines more environmentally friendly.

Why cetane number is important

The cetane number is a crucial parameter in the performance and efficiency of diesel engines. It is a measure of the fuel’s ignition quality, which determines how quickly the fuel ignites and combusts in the engine.

A higher cetane number indicates a shorter ignition delay, meaning the fuel ignites more readily and the combustion process is more efficient. This translates to several benefits for diesel engines, including:

Improved cold-start performance: Fuels with higher cetane numbers ignite more easily, reducing the time and effort required to start the engine, especially in cold weather conditions.
Enhanced power and torque: Faster and more complete combustion results in more efficient energy release, leading to increased power output and better acceleration.
Better fuel economy: The improved combustion efficiency means that more of the fuel’s energy is converted into useful work, rather than being wasted as heat or unburnt hydrocarbons.
Reduced emissions: With cleaner and more complete combustion, diesel engines equipped with higher cetane fuels tend to produce fewer particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and other harmful emissions.

How cetane number is calculated

The cetane number of a diesel fuel is determined through a standardized test method, typically the ASTM D613 or ISO 5165 test. This procedure involves measuring the ignition delay of the fuel in a specialized engine, known as a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine.

In the test, the fuel sample is injected into the CFR engine’s combustion chamber, and the time between the start of injection and the start of ignition is measured. This time interval is known as the ignition delay.

The cetane number is then calculated by comparing the ignition delay of the test fuel to the ignition delays of two reference fuels with known cetane numbers. The reference fuels are n-cetane, which has a cetane number of 100, and alpha-methylnaphthalene, which has a cetane number of 0.

The cetane number of the test fuel is determined by interpolating between the cetane numbers of the reference fuels, based on the relative ignition delay of the test fuel compared to the reference fuels. This process ensures a standardized and reproducible method for measuring the cetane number of diesel fuels.

How does cetane booster work and are cetane boosters worth it?

Cetane boosters, such as 2-EHN, work by improving the ignition quality of diesel fuel, leading to enhanced combustion performance. These additives are designed to raise the cetane number of the fuel, which is a critical parameter for diesel engine operation.

When added to diesel fuel, cetane boosters like 2-EHN undergo a series of chemical reactions that ultimately reduce the ignition delay of the fuel. This means the fuel ignites and combusts more quickly, resulting in several benefits:

Improved cold-start performance: Faster ignition and combustion help the engine start more easily in cold weather conditions.
Increased power and torque: The more efficient combustion process releases more energy, translating to improved engine performance.
Better fuel economy: The enhanced combustion efficiency means more of the fuel’s energy is converted into useful work, rather than being wasted as heat or unburnt hydrocarbons.
Reduced emissions: Cleaner and more complete combustion leads to lower particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and other harmful emissions.

Cetane boosters like 2-EHN are generally considered a worthwhile investment for diesel engine owners and operators. The benefits they provide in terms of improved performance, fuel efficiency, and reduced emissions can often justify the relatively low cost of the additive. However, it’s important to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for proper dosage and usage to maximize the benefits.

History of 2-EHN and how it is made

2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) has a long and fascinating history as a cetane number improver for diesel fuel. Developed in the early 20th century, 2-EHN was first synthesized in 1902 by German chemist Richard Willstätter. However, it wasn’t until the 1940s that its potential as a diesel fuel additive was recognized.

During World War II, the demand for high-performance diesel engines skyrocketed, leading to an increased need for fuels with improved ignition characteristics. Researchers began exploring various compounds that could enhance the cetane number of diesel fuel, and 2-EHN emerged as a promising candidate.

The production of 2-EHN typically involves a multi-step process. First, 2-ethylhexanol, a common industrial alcohol, is reacted with nitric acid to form 2-EHN. This reaction is carefully controlled to ensure the desired product is obtained with high purity and minimal byproducts. The resulting 2-EHN is then purified and stabilized to meet the stringent requirements for use in diesel fuel applications.

Benefits of using 2-EHN in diesel engines

The use of 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) as a cetane booster in diesel engines offers a wide range of benefits that can significantly improve engine performance and efficiency.

Improved Cold-Start Performance: 2-EHN reduces the ignition delay of the diesel fuel, allowing for faster and more reliable engine starts, even in cold weather conditions. This is particularly important for applications where the engine may need to be started frequently or in harsh environments.
Enhanced Power and Torque: The more efficient combustion process facilitated by 2-EHN leads to a greater release of the fuel’s energy, resulting in increased power output and improved engine responsiveness. This translates to better acceleration and overall driving performance.
Increased Fuel Economy: With the enhanced combustion efficiency, diesel engines using 2-EHN can achieve higher fuel efficiency, leading to cost savings for the end-user. The reduced fuel consumption can also contribute to lower carbon emissions and a more sustainable operation.
Reduced Emissions: The cleaner and more complete combustion enabled by 2-EHN results in lower levels of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and other harmful emissions. This makes diesel engines more environmentally friendly and helps meet increasingly stringent emissions regulations.
Improved Engine Durability: The faster and more consistent ignition provided by 2-EHN can reduce engine wear and tear, leading to extended engine life and reduced maintenance requirements. This can translate to cost savings and a longer lifespan for the diesel engine.

How to properly use 2-EHN in diesel fuel

Using 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) as a cetane booster in diesel fuel requires following a few key steps to ensure optimal performance and benefits.

Determine the Appropriate Dosage: The recommended dosage of 2-EHN can vary depending on the specific diesel fuel and engine requirements. It is important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions or consult with a fuel specialist to determine the optimal amount of 2-EHN to add to the fuel.
Ensure Proper Mixing: Once the desired amount of 2-EHN has been determined, it is crucial to ensure that the additive is thoroughly mixed with the diesel fuel. This can be done by agitating the fuel tank or using a fuel circulation system to ensure a homogeneous blend.
Monitor Fuel Quality: Regular testing and monitoring of the diesel fuel’s cetane number, as well as other key properties, can help ensure that the 2-EHN is performing as expected and that the fuel is meeting the required specifications.
Maintain Fuel System Cleanliness: The use of 2-EHN can help improve combustion efficiency, but it is also important to maintain the cleanliness of the fuel system, including the fuel filters and injectors, to optimize engine performance and longevity.
Consider Seasonal Adjustments: In some cases, the dosage of 2-EHN may need to be adjusted seasonally to account for changes in ambient temperature and other environmental factors that can affect the fuel’s ignition characteristics.

Case studies and real-world examples of 2-EHN usage

The benefits of using 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) as a cetane booster in diesel engines have been demonstrated in numerous real-world applications and case studies.

One notable example is the use of 2-EHN in heavy-duty diesel trucks. A study conducted by a leading fuel additive manufacturer found that the addition of 2-EHN to the diesel fuel of a fleet of long-haul trucks resulted in a 3.2% improvement in fuel economy, as well as a 5% increase in power output and a 7% reduction in particulate matter emissions.

Another case study involved the use of 2-EHN in off-road equipment, such as excavators and generators. In this application, the addition of 2-EHN to the diesel fuel led to a 4% improvement in fuel efficiency, a 6% increase in engine power, and a 10% reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions.

The benefits of 2-EHN have also been observed in the marine industry. A study conducted on a fleet of commercial fishing vessels found that the use of 2-EHN as a cetane booster resulted in a 2.8% improvement in fuel economy, a 4% increase in engine torque, and a 6% reduction in smoke opacity.

These real-world examples demonstrate the versatility and effectiveness of 2-EHN in improving the performance and efficiency of diesel engines across a wide range of applications, from heavy-duty trucks to off-road equipment and marine vessels.

Conclusion: Unlocking the potential of 2-EHN for improved diesel engine performance and efficiency

In the world of diesel engines, performance and efficiency are paramount. And 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) has emerged as a powerful tool for unlocking the true potential of these engines.

As a highly effective cetane booster, 2-EHN has the ability to transform the way diesel engines operate. By enhancing the ignition quality of the fuel, 2-EHN reduces the ignition delay, leading to a more efficient and complete combustion process.

The benefits of using 2-EHN in diesel engines are numerous and far-reaching. Improved cold-start performance, increased power and torque, better fuel economy, and reduced emissions are just a few of the advantages that this additive can deliver.

Whether you’re operating a fleet of heavy-duty trucks, running off-road equipment, or navigating the high seas, 2-EHN can be the key to unlocking the full potential of your diesel engines. By following the proper usage guidelines and monitoring fuel quality, you can maximize the benefits of this powerful cetane booster and enjoy enhanced performance, efficiency, and environmental sustainability.

As the industry standard for raising the cetane number in diesel fuel, 2-EHN has proven its worth time and time again. So, if you’re looking to take your diesel engine’s performance to the next level, consider the transformative power of 2-EHN.

Fuel Quality, Fuel Saving

Cheapest Fuel – How to Save Fuel by Buying the Cheapest and Converting it into Premium Fuel

October 9, 2024 Andy Leave a comment

Pump prices are rising, and those with electric vehicles have started feeling the pinch with an unprecedented rise in electricity.

There is something you can do.

Premium or Super fuels usually deliver better fuel economy than standard fuels, even from the same brands. For example, V-Power diesel will provide more performance and MPG than standard Shell diesel fuel. But, it is more expensive.

The solution:

Buy the cheapest pump fuel you can find and then use a fuel additive to convert it into premium fuel. A high-quality additive will typically cost a fraction of the price of buying premium fuel at the pump but deliver similar benefits. * Except for higher octane with gasoline. If your vehicle requires or responds better to higher-octane gasoline, continue using it. Just find the cheapest brand available.

Petrol Additive – Ensure any petrol additive contains the following:

Proven PORT and GASOLINE DIRECT INJECTION (GDI) detergent pack, particularly if you drive a modern vehicle with a GDI fuel system.
High-performing fuel system / upper cylinder lubricant.
Combustion improvement function.

Although the above won’t make up for any shortfall in octane, they will improve fuel economy by maintaining a cleaner fuel system, reducing upper cylinder friction, and improving combustion quality.

Diesel Additive – Ensure any diesel additive contains the following:

2-EHN cetane improver that delivers a minimum 3-point increase per dose. Using 2-EHN alone will reduce fuel lubricity and not provide the maximum available fuel savings.
High-performing Ester (or similar) fuel system / upper cylinder lubricant with an HFFR no higher than 250. Disregard any product using mono-acid lubricants as they underperform with standard EN590 diesel fuel.
Cleaning and combustion improvement technology.

Any diesel product that meets the above three criteria will convert regular diesel into Super diesel and improve fuel economy when added to a standard, low-cost diesel.

Engine Cleaning, Fuel Addtives, Fuel System Cleaning

Fuel Injector Cleaners and Polyether-amine

September 2, 2022 Andy 2 Comments

In 2007, I revealed to the public the importance of PEA (polyether-amine) chemistry in fuel system cleaning. As a result of this revelation, polyether-amine is now a hot topic of discussion on most automotive websites. Nobody had even heard of it then, and now everyone is an “expert.”

Polyether-amine is critical for rapid fuel system cleaning and carbon removal from the combustion chamber and valves. Cleaning is fast, with improvements in vehicle running evident in just a few miles, particularly if the fuel injectors suffered from deposit build-up.

In fairness, the lower-cost treatments do a reasonable job cleaning old petrol or diesel injectors as any solvent-based cleaner. However, they fall short with modern high-pressure fuel systems, carbon removal, and removing deposits from the combustion and post-combustion areas. Unfortunately, high-quality polyether-amine (PEA) is considerably more expensive than polybutene-amine (PBA).

The introduction of gasoline direct injection (GDI) and generally higher pressure fuel systems on gasoline and diesel engines meant more development was needed. Products such as Oilsyn Petrol Doctor contains three detergent packs that work in synergy. They handle port injection, GDI, and carbon removal needs with the assistance of polyether-amine. This is also driven by changes to engine oils and how the lower viscosity oil vapor finds its way into the engine via the EGR system and other mechanisms. This results in a varying composition of deposit formation that requires a different cleaning approach.

When purchasing a fuel cleaner or conditioner, ensure it contains multiple detergent functions that address the different types of deposits and fuel systems.

Carbon Cleaners, Fuel Addtives, Fuel System Cleaning

Using Fuel Additives at Higher Dosages – Overdosing

March 13, 2015 Andy 14 Comments

I am regularly asked whether fuel additives can be added at a higher dose or added to less fuel to make a more potent concentrate and whether this is more beneficial.

The answer in most cases is no. This is because detergents, cetane improvers, dispersants, lubricants, etc., are designed to work with a specific amount of fuel. This ensures that any deposits are removed and dispersed in a controlled manner and aren’t purged through the system too quickly. It also reduces the risk of overloading the fuel with too much cetane improver or other functions that risk negating the benefits they set out to achieve.

For example, amine and Polyetheramine-based fuel cleaners work much better when used with the correct amount of fuel and gradually allow the chemistry to remove deposits in a controlled way. If you add a cleaner designed for sixty litres of fuel to ten litres of fuel, you run the risk of removing deposits too quickly and lose the benefit of the extended duration that sixty litres will provide.

Another reason for this is that fuel cleaners are designed to work with fuel flow where the actual act of removing deposits requires the fuel to be in motion. Deposits are removed layer by layer as the fuel moves through the system. The stronger the concentrate – and the less fuel that is treated – the lesser the amount of total motion that occurs. Amines dissolve and disperse deposits and prevent them from accumulating in the fuel system.

Therefore, do not be tempted to treat with a much higher concentration except when professionally instructed to do so and when, for example, a heavily-contaminated fuel injector requires urgent attention. In this instance, some cleaners can be safely added directly to the fuel rail or fuel filter. However, this procedure should be carried out by a professional and is not relevant to in-the-tank fuel cleaners.

Another question we are regularly asked is why some additives require a large amount of product, whereas others require such a small amount.

Higher-strength cleaners contain more chemistry and are designed to deliver the maximum amount of cleaning power and functions in a single bottle. Treat rates typically vary from 100:1 to 200:1. Regular use fuel conditioners are designed to deliver a modest amount of cleaning power and functions and are safe for continuous use. Treat rates vary from 500:1 to 10,000:1

Also, note that different chemistries work in different ways. High-strength cleaners, in particular, generally require a much larger volume of chemistry, pibsa, amine, polyetheramine, etc. Such cleaning power requires volume.

With a regular use 1,000:1 fuel conditioner, noticeable improvements might take a few tanks, whereas a higher strength single-tank cleaner will work within a single tank of fuel. The challenge is to deliver as many benefits as possible with the smallest amount of product.

Carbon Cleaners, Fuel Addtives, Fuel System Cleaning

Fuel & Carbon Cleaners – What Happens to the Carbon?

March 10, 2015 Andy 7 Comments

Frequently we are asked about fuel-based carbon cleaners. Specifically, what happens to carbon deposits that are removed through the use of fuel cleaners, and can these cleaners damage an engine?

Let’s begin by discussing the first part of that question.

Within the fuel system, you’ll seldom find carbon itself. You will likely discover sludge, gum, varnish, debris, and similar deposits. The fuel filter captures the larger deposits. These and other deposits that have found their way through the fuel system usually are dissolved and dispersed in a controlled and manageable way using dispersal-based detergents. That’s why it is important to use additives at the recommended dosage so that deposit removal is completed in a controlled manner. High-strength fuel system cleaners that carry out this process typically contain a lubricant to ensure the entire system is lubricated during the cleaning procedure. This too, minimizes the risk of any issues.

Most actual carbon formation occurs in the combustion chamber and post-combustion areas. This includes the turbo’s hot side, intake, inlet valves, EGR, catalytic convertor, DPF, and the remainder of the exhaust tract. The reason why carbon remains is that there is insufficient heat to burn it off. Chemically, a liquid hydrocarbon fuel – such as gasoline or diesel – is very similar to the solidified fuel (carbon) it creates. The difference is that a higher temperature must be reached to ignite and burn solid carbons because the flash point has changed.

High-quality fuel detergents, combined with fuel catalyst technology, reduce the threshold temperature at which the carbons can burn, enabling natural engine processes and inherent heat to gradually “burn off” the deposits. This is undoubtedly the case for combustion chamber deposits.

Sometimes there also is a degree of active cleaning from any cleaning chemistry that can survive the combustion process and thus is still active post combustion. However, as described above, most carbon is removed by reducing the temperature at which it can burn.

It is important to note that there also is a natural cleaning mechanism. When the combustion process is of sufficient quality – generally through an efficient fuel system (no injector deposits), good fuel quality (more often than not, only achieved with fuel conditioners), and an engine that is up to full operating temperature – engines are designed to self-manage carbon build-up. The clean(ish) gases will naturally remove carbons to maintain a respectable level.

The issue arises when this equilibrium is broken, and more carbons are deposited than can be naturally removed. This could be due to a flawed engine design, poor fuel quality, fuel system deposits, driving style, failure to let the engine reach the proper temperature, etc., or a combination of these.

This is why catalyst technology is so vital in carbon cleaning and for keeping a system clean. When a catalyst is added to the fuel, it improves the combustion quality to such a degree that it reduces the amount of hydrocarbons created, particularly when the engine is cold. These cleaner gases then work together with the active work the catalyst is doing to reduce the temperature at which these deposits can burn and be removed.

Essentially, a high-end fuel cleaner and carbon remover provide an environment where the combustion quality is much better, and the exhaust gasses are much cleaner. The cleaner exhaust gasses will naturally scavenge and remove carbons from the combustion and the post-combustion areas. The caveat is that this process requires heat. The catalyst will reduce the temperature at which the carbons can be removed and burned off, but it also needs heat.

This is why it is tough for such chemistries to clean the EGR system. The problem is that an EGR and intake are designed to cool recirculating exhaust gasses. Doing so reduces the efficacy of any post-combustion cleaner or chemistry. Unfortunately, this also applies to the rear of the intake valves of direct poor injection engines. Those two areas are challenging to clean because the gasses going through are cooled.

Also, it is difficult to remove existing deposits in these areas. However, by using a high-quality conditioner with the fuel catalyst in both diesel and petrol applications, you’ll at least give the engine and emission control components a much easier life. This is because the engine and emissions systems will have fewer carbons to manage. This results in fewer deposits and hopefully removes the need to use high-strength cleaners or invasive measures to remove carbons manually.

What about the safety of cleaners and the risk of the fuel system or engine damage?

Providing products are used as per the instructions, the risk of any damage is incredibly low. The few rare cases of alleged damage we have witnessed weren’t caused by a product. The product just revealed or exacerbated an underlying mechanical issue with the fuel system. Still, this is incredibly rare.

Furthermore, manufacturers err on the side of caution, so even if a product is used aggressively or improperly, it is still likely to be safe to use up until a certain point.

To summarise, fuel system deposits are generally dissolved, dispersed, and combusted naturally. Carbon is usually combusted through heat and an added fuel-borne catalyst. These processes are proven safe when used correctly and responsibly.

Fleet & Commercial Solutions, Fuel Addtives, Fuel Saving

MPG – Negative vs Positive Gain ™

February 12, 2015 Andy 4 Comments

When examining the field of products, services, and techniques that promise to increase MPG, you find a confusing minefield, at best. There are chronic skeptics on one side, loyal devotees on the other, and indifferent observers in between. Unfortunately, this has come from a long history of ignorance and misleading advertising. The dilemma for most is “who is right and wrong?”

Two other main questions also might come to mind:

1. How do you know if the advertised MPG increase will be achieved?

2. Why are there such inconsistencies regarding product results, ranging from spectacular to absolute zero? Why such a significant variance?

When we service fleets, we combine our knowledge and experience to simplify the process for operators. Firstly, let us explain the type of gains available and the results you can expect to achieve. To best explain this, we would like to introduce you to the concept of Negative versus Positive MPG gain.

Negative Gain is the process of restoring engine economy and efficiency back to factory levels, or more accurately, how it was when it left the manufacturer, except with an engine that is now run-in. These are not the factory-published figures regarding performance, but moreover, the actual performance that is possible from an engine that is run-in, deposit-free, and operating at full efficiency in real-life conditions. This is engine efficiency restoration.

Positive Gain is the process of improving the standard MPG or performance of an engine that is deposit-free and running efficiently on standard pump fuel and lubricants, as recommended by the manufacturer. This is engine efficiency enhancement.

Virtually all fuel and engine additives suppliers claiming 10%, 15%, or 20%-plus improvements in MPG rely heavily on the Negative Gain factor. The increased economy claims are based on the assumption that the fuel system has accumulated deposits and that the engine is experiencing a reduction in fuel economy and performance as a result.

This is very important. The reason for such inconsistency is that there are many variables in play. One vehicle may have a considerable reduction in fuel economy or performance (due to fuel system or engine deposits), while another has virtually none. Also, different engine designs respond to deposits in varying ways. It is really that simple. The majority of gain you tend to see, however great or small, is negative gain or performance and efficiency restoration. Unfortunately, negative gain or efficiency restoration potential is challenging to predict.

This part of fuel and oil additive marketing is particularly troubling, as it can lead to unrealistic customer expectations. We believe it is misleading to make claims about MPG increases on the assumption that the fuel system and/or engine have accumulated substantial deposits. Of course, such claims are always caveated with increases “up to” a certain amount.

So, how does the negative and positive gain theory work?

Negative Gain (Economy & Performance Restoration)

Assuming that an engine’s mechanical condition is good and that all its electrical components and respective sensors are operating correctly, there are three ways to restore lost MPG.

1. Fuel system cleaning. This involves using a professional cleaner to remove any benign or debilitating deposits from the fuel system. It also includes any remedial work to remove biological or non-biological contamination within the fuel or fuel system. This restores the correct fuel flow and atomization of fuel into the combustion chamber.

2. Carbon Removal. This is the process of using professional cleaners and combustion modification technology to remove carbon build-up from the combustion and post-combustion areas of the engine. These include emission control components like the exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR), diesel particulate filter (DPF), etc.

3. Compression restoration. This is the process of restoring any lost engine compression by using a professional engine oil flush or lubricant-based cleanser to remove deposits from the pistons, piston rings, and cylinder bores.

Depending on which of the above applies and assuming the correct products and processes are employed, virtually any engine can be restored to optimum efficiency and performance. The only notable exceptions are when an engine or any of its periphery parts are mechanically worn, degraded, or failed. Even then, various technologies and processes exist to restore minor wear.

Positive Gain (Economy & Performance Enhancement)

Again, assuming all is equal and an engine is in good working order, there are five ways to increase efficiency and performance above the standard factory figures.

1. Friction reduction. This involves using specialist products and techniques to reduce friction to levels lower than that available from conventional oils and lubricants. Other benefits can include greater protection against reduced component wear and lower maintenance costs. This can be applied to engines, transmissions, differentials, wheel bearings, and so on.

2. Fuel combustion modification. This includes the continuous use of professional chemistries to improve the combustion efficiency of the fuel, resulting in greater fuel economy, performance, and a reduction in exhaust emissions. Such products can also prevent fuel degradation, protect the fuel system, and control deposit build-up, thus removing any future need to use products to restore lost performance.

3. Engine retuning (software). This is the process of altering the engine control unit (ECU) or how the ECU manages fuel injection, ignition timing, and other engine control parameters. This can provide more efficient power and torque delivery throughout the rev range, reducing fuel usage.

4. Engine retuning (physical). This includes physically modifying engine components such as adjusting intake manifold air-flow dynamics, altering the exhaust system or DPF, and so on.

5. Other modifications. Making other pragmatic modifications that are widely known, such as optimising tyre pressures, improving aerodynamics, reducing unwanted weight, altering driving style, etc., can also improve efficiency.

Positive gain can manifest itself as additional performance (as measured in horsepower and torque), an increase in fuel efficiency, or a combination of both.

Testing Protocols:

We specialise in the development of bespoke MPG testing protocols. With any test, whether a single consumer vehicle or a fleet of heavy goods vehicles, it is important to set objectives and correctly plan how to achieve and measure them.

Below are some contributory risks and variables that must be considered when developing a comprehensive test plan. Please note that we were advised against revealing this information as it would undoubtedly be copied and reused by other companies selling fuel-saving additives or devices. However, if it helps to restore some integrity to the field of MPG testing, then we believe this benefits us all. Whether you sell fuel-saving technology or are looking to test and buy fuel-saving technology, let’s please restore some integrity to this field.

	Risk	Mitigation / Containment
1	Length of the test is too short.	It goes without saying that the more test data available, the easier it is to discern positive, neutral, or negative results.
2	Lack of availability of historical test data and seasonal differences.	It is of paramount importance that historic baseline data is available. If not, this should be captured first. Also, take into consideration the seasonal variations. For example, if you are conducting a three-month test between April and June, it would be advantageous to have baseline data for the same months in the previous year and the months of January to March immediately before the test. You would be surprised with the variance of data between seasons.
3	Inaccurate MPG monitoring techniques.	The most common are on-board monitoring and manual calculations. Where possible, use both monitoring techniques. Telematics that includes average speed is also extremely valuable as it will help validate or invalidate MPG figures. If the average speed for a vehicle increases during a particular month, then the MPG would be expected to increase by default and vice versa.
4	Varying climatic conditions.	Weather can profoundly affect results, and not just temperatures. Wind can affect drag, rain can affect grip, etc. A combination of controlled and real-life tests can mitigate this.
5	Varying traffic, routes, and loads.	Variances in routes, traffic, and loads can affect results. Choosing the most consistent routes with consistent loads in low traffic periods and a combination of controlled and real-life testing is the best bet, albeit not always possible.
6	Driver inconsistency.	Where possible, the same driver should be used. Otherwise any change of driver must be factored into the test results.
7	Varying vehicle history and condition.	Even vehicles of the same type and engine are different and can respond differently. Pick both a poor performing and good performing vehicle. It is important to understand that results are only applicable and valid to that particular vehicle/engine combination.
8	Fuel inconsistency.	Different brands and types of fuel (including seasonable blends) can affect results. Where possible, the exact same fuel should be used throughout the test and during any pretesting.
9	Poor accuracy with administering treatments.	How treatments are administered is important. For example, treating the fuel at bunkered storage mitigates the risk of incorrectly applied ratios when testing fuel additives. Automated dispensing systems are also an alternative.
10	Driver awareness affects results.	Blind testing always provides the most accurate results unless trust in the driver is assured. If the driver is aware, then also make them aware during the pretesting (baseline) stage. This can ensure that the driver will not significantly change the driving style during testing.
11	Fuel or additives theft.	Unfortunately, this does occur. There are ways to identify and mitigate this risk. However, it would not be appropriate to list them here.
12	Lack of test data.	What to test (mpg, power, torque, emissions, oil quality, wear, etc.) is fundamental to understanding the benefits of any given product(s). Simply, the more data, the greater the confidence in the decision-making process.

There are other minor factors that we won‘t go into as they apply more to controlled testing, such as the effects of ambient temperature on fuel density and so on. However, the above twelve points will serve you well.

We make our clients fully aware of the common pitfalls and underhand techniques that some companies use. For example, a common tactic is to advise the client to notify the driver that a test is being conducted. The driver is then aware that his driving is likely to be scrutinised and, as a result, drives more cautiously and ” efficiently. ” The client then witnesses a tangible increase that has little to do with the prescribed treatments but is instead from an improvement in driving style by the driver.

Another tactic is to convince the client to pick their worst-performing vehicle for testing. This, of course, increases the probability of more outstanding results. The client then becomes blinded by negative gain results that cannot be reproduced on their other, better-performing vehicles. Ideally, you should test average-performing vehicles or the worst and best-performing ones in the fleet.

The key is to produce a test protocol that mitigates or eliminates as many variables as possible. This will help ensure accurate test data, which, in turn, enables the client to make informed decisions as to the actual ROI on particular treatments or processes.

If you require more information or a no-obligation consultation on MPG reduction or engine cleaning, please don’t hesitate to contact us.

Andy Archer

Energy and Maintenance Saving Consultant

Cetane Boosters

Cetane Booster – What is the Best?

May 2, 2014 Andy 19 Comments

The overall quality of diesel fuel is dependent on several factors. These include BTU value, viscosity, pour flow point, aromatic and paraffinic content, and resistance to contaminant buildup such as water and bacteria. A diesel fuel’s quality also is very dependent on its cetane number.

The cetane number (CN) is an index of the ignition point or combustion quality of diesel fuel and is measured using an ASTM D613 test. Standard European BS EN590 diesel from the pump typically has a minimum cetane number of around 51, with premium pump diesel a little higher. Depending on engine design, driving conditions, and so on, the optimum cetane value for most vehicles is around the mid to high 50s. Any value greater than 60 will not achieve any additional benefits and, in most cases, will alter ignition timing to the degree that power is lost.

Matching cetane to the engine is essential to maximize the engine’s performance. Biodiesel fuels in particular, especially homemade brews, usually start with a much lower cetane number, so cetane improvement for these fuels is essential.

A fuel with too low of a cetane number for a particular engine will result in reduced cold-start ability, rough running, excess engine noise/vibration, and reduced combustion quality. This leads to reduced performance, excess emissions, and carbon buildup throughout the engine and emission system components (intake, EGR, DPF, etc.)

A higher cetane fuel that is a proper match for the engine will reduce ignition delay, improve overall combustion quality, liberate more BTU (energy) from the fuel, and improve performance and MPG. It also will reduce engine noise, deposit buildup, and exhaust emissions.

What should I look for in a cetane booster?

Contrary to some propaganda, alkyl nitrates still offer the most significant improvement in cetane number, with measured increases of up to eight points. When it comes to alkyl nitrates, 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) is the most popular and most respected. It offers a more consistent ignition quality while reducing unwanted and adverse combustion conditions.

Fuel additive manufacturers recognize the benefits of boosting the cetane number and using 2-EHN so much now that most offer cetane improvers. The question in this case is, what are you getting for your money?

From a close examination, it appears many cetane boosters contain useless fillers. Most manufacturers still insist on the single bottle per tank philosophy to maximize profits. Some 200-300ml bottles that treat a single tank of fuel have as little as 20% active ingredients. This is lucrative for the manufacturer but not a good value for the consumer. Therefore, it is important to understand what you are getting for your money.

The optimum amount of 2-EHN is around 20-100ml per tank of fuel, depending on the engine and base cetane level. As 2-EHN can reduce lubricity, a lubricant must be blended in. To ensure you are getting the best value, ensure the product contains 2-EHN as its base, and a reasonable proportion of the remainder contains beneficial ingredients, such as lubricant, detergent, etc.

UPDATED AUG 2022 – So what do we recommend and why?

Active cetane improvers are essentially a form of fuel modification, or more accurately, combustion modification. However, when combined with the correct fuel catalyst technology and lubricity additives, they can turn the most mediocre pump fuels and biodiesels into super diesel that will outperform the best premium pump fuels.

Two products to note:

Oilsyn® Diesel Race DNA, Diesel Power DNA or Archoil® AR6900-D MAX. Rather than introduce another diluted cetane booster, they released a concentrated chemistry product containing 100% active ingredients. They deliver optimum increases in cetane while being able to treat multiple tanks of fuel rather than just one.

Diesel Race DNA contains the highest levels of 2-EHN of any compound diesel conditioner and the highest performing diesel lubricant on the market at this time, with an HFRR test of below 180! AR6900-D is a careful balance of cetane improver, detergent, lubricant and combustion catalyst. Both protect the entire fuel system against the harmful effects of low lubricity and low sulphur fuels. This results in an optimum combustion condition, comprehensive fuel system protection and cleaning, increased performance, and reduction in harmful exhaust emissions.

Summary:

For the ultimate performance and protection – use Oilsyn Diesel Race DNA.

For an all-around product that increases cetane, cleans and protects – use Oilsyn Diesel Power DNA or Archoil AR6900-D

Either of the above works out cheaper per tank than upgrading to premium diesel at the pump.

Fuel Addtives, Fuel Saving, Fuel System Cleaning, Heating Oil Additives

Do Fuel and Oil Additives Really Work?

May 30, 2013 Andy 19 Comments

Firstly, we need to understand what is meant by “work” as there are conflicting ideas and interpretations. Some would consider “work” to improve performance or increase mpg, whereas others would consider “work” to clean the fuel system, restore fuel injector efficiency or reduce friction. Others would consider a product to have “worked” if it resolved an underlying problem, such as resolving engine hesitation, restoring lost performance, or reducing excessive emissions.

So which is correct? Firstly you need to understand how additives work and what they really do:

Fuel additives directly deliver one or more of the following:

1. Clean the fuel system and restore injector efficiency
2. Remove combustion deposits
3. Help clean emissions control system components
4. Lubricate the fuel system and combustion area
5. Protect against chemical or biological contamination
6. Preserve fuel and offer cold weather protection
7. Improve the quality of combustion (catalyst)
8. And so on.

The above direct actions then may or may not result in:
1. Increase in power and torque
2. Increase in fuel economy
3. Smoother running engine
4. Smoother idle
5. Reduced exhaust emissions
6. Less mechanical vibration or noise
7. And so on.

Can you see the difference? The point I am making here is that an increase in performance or mpg is typically the resultant benefit of cleaning a fuel system, engine or reducing friction. They should not always be considered as the direct aims of fuel or oil additives. The usual goal of additives is to rid the fuel system and combustion area of deposits and, thus, from these actions, restore any lost performance or MPG. Further combustion modification (catalysts) can then improve MPG further.

We often see the expectations with additives mismanaged. If a vehicle were achieving an expected and realistic 50 mpg, one would then be disappointed to discover when they purchased and used a fuel cleaner that the MPG didn’t improve if they had purchased the cleaner to improve MPG. There has to be a degradation of fuel economy in the first place. To improve MPG up and above what the engine is designed to deliver on standard pump fuel, you need to use additives designed to improve combustion and thus maximize the energy output of the base fuel, not a cleaner.

Therefore, to resolve any confusion, most fuel additive cleaners do not directly increase economy or performance. Modern detergents remove debilitating deposits and thus restore fuel system and combustion efficiency. This may or may not increase fuel economy or engine performance. It depends on what you started with. Highly quality additives with effective fuel catalyst technology can then marginally increase MPG over standard figures, depending on the quality of base fuel being used.

Symptoms can also be mechanically related. A user may inadvertently use a cleaner or additive to resolve what is, in fact a mechanical or electrical issue. This is not necessarily bad as additives can be used as a low-cost process of elimination. However, when using additives to resolve problems, it is important to understand the symptoms and, thus the probability of these symptoms being resolved through “chemical” means. Additives are not mechanics in a can.

Furthermore, a successful cleaning cycle does not automatically result in a smoother, more performant, or more economical engine. Different engine designs respond to deposits in different ways.

Many cleaners (not all) work by restoring performance and MPG. Time and time again, we see customers purchasing one-shot cleaners to improve MPG on an engine running well and achieving the expected MPG with the hope that it would magically improve fuel economy. Now, if you purchased the cleaner to maintain a clean system, then this is valid. Still, we see the expectations of many customers mismanaged when it comes to what they were expecting versus what they should reasonably expect versus what products really do and how this translates into discernible improvements to their vehicle.

The best advice we can give is for you to understand your requirements and goals concerning fuel, fuel additives, and lubricants. Don’t purchase additives on a whim or hope they may fortuitously effect some change, as this is a surefire way to disappointment. Work out what you are trying to achieve: rectify a running issue, protect the fuel system or engine, maintain a clean running system to prevent future problems, reduce wear, increase power, improve fuel economy, improve fuel quality, or many of these combined, etc. Then complete your own research or consult with a professional to match the correct products for your needs with an understanding of what the products actually do and how this translates into measurable results for you.

To summarise, there are legitimate circumstances when additives offer genuine benefits (when chosen correctly and matched to actual requirements) and other times when they become a waste of money. They become a waste of money when users misunderstand what they are actually buying versus what they are trying to achieve.

In the follow-up article, we are going to break this down further by revealing why results can be so inconsistent when using additives so that you can make an informed decision as to whether your vehicle will benefit or not from their use. We will also reveal some pitfalls, the concept of Negative versus Positive Gain, and testing protocols so that you, a consumer, mechanic or fleet operator, etc., can accurately measure your MPG improvements.

If you require any expert advice or help, please don’t hesitate to contact us, and a member of my team or I will be pleased to help.

Fuel Addtives, Fuel System Cleaning

Should Fuel Additives be Added to an Empty Tank?

May 20, 2013 Andy 8 Comments

I am often asked how and when fuel additives should be added. With an empty or full tank of fuel? Should I wait until it’s down to a quarter of a tank? Etc.

The reality is that it doesn’t matter how much fuel is currently in the tank. The key is to ensure that regardless of the current fuel level, whether nearly empty or three-quarters full when you administer the additive, fill up on top immediately afterward.

Doing so will ensure that none of the fuel additive becomes trapped in the filler neck. Filling up on top afterward will ensure that the entire additive is washed down into the tank. Furthermore, most additives require diluting with a full tank of fuel hence filling up immediately afterward is necessary.

Some feel uncomfortable with the inconvenience of using additives at the gas station. For this, we suggest filling up with fuel and a 5-liter jerry can. Drive home, put in the additive, and then top up with fuel from the jerry can. If you live close to the gas station, don’t entirely fill the tank to the top; leave a little for the additive and fuel from the jerry can.

Contrary to popular belief, additives do not need to be added before filling up with fuel to mix. This is only necessary with fuel storage tanks. Most additives mix instantly anyway, and a moving vehicle provides sufficient agitation to complete this process.

If you require any advice or help, please don’t hesitate to contact us, and a member of my team or I will be pleased to help.

Carbon Cleaners, Fuel Addtives, Fuel System Cleaning

Are Fuel Additives Safe?

March 10, 2010 Andy 102 Comments

Due to an increasing number of inquiries concerning fuel additive safety and vehicle manufacturers’ propaganda, I updated this article. Below is V2.0.

Are fuel system cleaners and fuel additives safe for my engine?

This is a question I am asked all too often, and I would like to put your mind at rest from the outset. From all my experience and testing, I have yet to find a commercial fuel-based engine cleaning product that has resulted in any form of short, medium, or long-term damage to a fuel system or engine when used per the manufacturer’s instructions. Sure, many products are poor quality or don’t deliver as promised, but the main commercial ones I have tested are at least safe to use. This includes engines with superchargers, turbochargers, the latest particulate filters, and high-pressure fuel systems. There are rare stories of failures or issues, but in all cases I have examined, they resulted from an underlying problem unrelated to additive use.

Please note that this is not a license for you to put any rubbish in your fuel tank! I only recommend cleaners using effective and proven ingredients. Providing the recommended dosages are not seriously abused, the cleaners I recommend are no more dangerous than the fuel itself. Some forget how corrosive gasoline is!

So why do Bill, Joe, and Agnes on ABC automotive forum advise against the use of additives? Why do my main dealer and car manual insist on no fuel additives? Why is there a warning sticker near the filler cap?

Very simple:

Firstly, ignorance. In any life endeavor, knowledge is power; it always has been and always will be. Combine this with the fact that people feel compelled to help and contribute regardless if the help or contribution is good or poor. When knowledge is lacking the void is generally filled with incorrect (usually a reiteration of someone else’s opinion/beliefs) or fabricated information (nothing more than guessing). Thus, poor quality help or contribution then follows.

In this modern age, the internet forum has become the perfect platform for all to contribute, feel needed, take on the role of “expert,” and help others. Some advice is good, and some are poor. Unfortunately with fuel additives, some are falling for the negative PR, parroting what someone else has misunderstood/misquoted or just second guessing.

Please note that this article is about the safety of additive use, not efficacy. I’m sure many are aggrieved with some additives’ performance and spurious claims, but that is a different conversation for another day.

Let’s look at this in more detail and help fill that void. Do you know the difference between standard and premium pump diesel fuels? Additional detergent package (usually DW-10 tested) and 2- Ethylhexyl Nitrate (2-EHN) cetane booster – that’s all. 2-EHN is the worldwide standard for raising cetane. DW-10 is the primary injector dirty-up and clean-up test procedure for measuring the performance of diesel fuel detergent packages in Europe.

Now let’s examine a diesel conditioner I routinely recommend for some diesel applications – AR6900-D MAX

It contains:

Latest DW-10 proven detergent package
2-EHN
Ester diesel fuel system lubricant
Combustion catalyst
Water handling, dispersant, demulsifier, stabiliser and anti-corrosion pack.

All proven and tested functions.

What is meant by “proven”? Is it guaranteed to perform? No, guaranteed to perform AND safe to use. By proven, it means that it is ALSO no-harms tested! Reputable fuel conditioners use no-harms tested ingredients. These ingredients and functions go through rigorous tests to ensure they are safe for the intended application.

As demonstrated above, some of what you find in diesel conditioners are already in premium fuels, except with additives; you pay less and get much more for your money. Every premium pump diesel uses 2-EHN for cetane index increase. Most diesel fuel conditioners use 2-EHN, too, as the primary ingredient!

Many diesel conditioners, AR6900-D MAX, included were blended for and comply with EN 590 specification diesel fuel. In other words, EN 590 pump diesel + AR6900-D MAX is still EN 590 compliant. You are still using fuel the vehicle manufacturer has stipulated you must use for that engine. This makes it much more difficult for manufacturers to blame additive use as the cause of a running or mechanical issue, although some still do, given a chance.

They are many other products too: Wynns, STP, Millers Ecomax, Redex, Cataclean, Liqui moly, Forte, BG and so on. Although they vary in efficacy, none of them will harm the engine.

I accept that I am in the business of selling fuel additives and need to make a living. However, before you question my motives, please understand this. I spend many hours in any given week helping others, mainly over the telephone, to resolve vehicle performance or running difficulties. Some calls can easily last 15-30 minutes for a product on which my company may make £3. Furthermore, less than 50% of calls result in a sale because I make it very clear to the customer when I think an additive will not help or is of no value.

Sometimes there is a lot of negativity with additives because of a misunderstanding of the ACTUAL functions and benefits or the overt misselling compounded by ridiculous claims. There are correct circumstances for additive use and times when they are simply unnecessary. Again, this is a different subject for another day (See the do additives work article).

There is also the risk of not using additives. Ask one of the thousands of satisfied customers, not just ours) that have used quality cleaners to resolve running issues, warning lights, power loss, engine cutouts, etc. Ask them which is safer, fuel cleaner, or engine jumping into a limp-home mode during an overtake maneuver. A bit dramatic, I accept, but still valid.

There are now a good proportion of fuel systems and engines that are MORE at risk from not using a quality regular use fuel conditioner (or periodic system clean) or at least using premium fuel to help give the fuel system and emission control systems a fighting chance.

Not a single day goes by where I don’t receive a request for help from someone that doesn’t use additives, and now the fuel system, engine, turbo, EGR, DPF, or a combination of these are causing running difficulties. Not a single day.

So what about the Main Dealers?

This too, is very simple – draconian thinking and revenue protection. Unlike in the US and other parts of the world, manufacturers (fronted through their main dealers) have a vested interest in maintaining a “replace with new policy.” For example, suppose the main dealer plugs in their diagnostics computer and registers a faulty diesel fuel pump or faulty injectors. In that case, they must advise the customer that they require a new pump or injectors.

I have seen a bill for almost £3000 to supply and fit four new diesel injectors from one of our customers! The fact that injectors and pumps can be reconditioned or that a good quality cleaner will resolve the problem 80% of the time is irrelevant. Main dealers have little choice, and they risk falling out of favor with the manufacturer or worse, losing their franchise if they deviate from the “replace with new” policy. If you accidentally put a stain on the carpet, would you replace it without trying to clean it first?

Another reason is risk mitigation. Manufacturers and dealers are simply protecting themselves from customers that may foolishly put a harmful substance in the fuel tank, i.e., bleach (and I’m not joking) or putting fuel additives in with the oil or visa-versa. Hence, a straightforward “no additives” policy.

Last but not least, you’ll be surprised to learn that many manufacturers already use additives. That’s right, but only when it suits them. For example, a prominent European petrochemical company provided an aggressive fuel system cleaner to a well know European vehicle manufacturer because they were facing hundreds of thousands of potential warranty claims from carbon build-up on diesel fuel injectors. The additive was administered to all affected engines on a recall or during the next scheduled service, and customers were none the wiser.

So why is it different in other countries? Unlike in the UK, the US main dealers have a strong influence over the manufacturers. In many cases, the main dealer will call the shots. Unfortunately, the UK and the EU, in general, are a bit behind.

Fortunately, the law is on our side (one of the few advantages of being in the EU), and we are starting to witness a change with manufacturers and franchised dealers. It is doubtful that a dealer would even know you were using an additive unless you told them as it takes serious equipment to detect additives. You are at greater risk of a dealer refusing a warranty claim due to using contaminated (untreated) fuel than using an additive to fortify the fuel or clean the system.

I hope this helps clear up the matter for our customers. If you require any advice or help, please don’t hesitate to contact us, and a member of our team will be pleased to help.

Contact us

Find us on:

News Letter